I will gladly advise and represent you in civil law matters

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Civil law is a broad field and essentially circumscribes the regulations contained in the German Civil Code (BGB). Civil law can most simply be described as regulating claims of citizens against each other – unlike criminal law, where claims of the state are asserted against citizens for compliance with (criminal) laws. This includes u.a.:

Contract law

This is the most general part of civil law, as it regulates the rights when concluding contracts, etc. regulates. Its provisions are also found in other areas of law such as z.B. the tenancy law, the labor law etc. again.

Right of purchase

The general law of sale is regulated in §§ 433 ff BGB, which governs not only the contract of sale but also the buyer's rights in the event of defects. It does not matter here whether it is the purchase of a new or used car or the purchase of a CD.

Law of succession

Inheritance law is regulated in §§ 1922 ff of the German Civil Code (BGB). This area is very comprehensive, dealing with the legal status of heirs (including among themselves), succession, liability of heirs, inheritance claims, etc.

However, this also includes regulations that can be made during one's lifetime. The best known is probably the will, in which the testator expresses his or her "last will and testament" can regulate. Heirs can be appointed or statutory heirs can be excluded. A will can also include a so-called. bequests concerning individual items of the estate, which may well limit the inheritance. The drafting options in a will are many and varied, so the words should be chosen with great care to reflect the testator's wishes as clearly as possible, thereby avoiding inheritance disputes as far as possible.

If someone has been excluded from his inheritance, he in turn has a legally regulated claim to the so-called. Compulsory share, which corresponds to half of the otherwise legal share of the inheritance. This must be asserted promptly, since – unlike the normal inheritance claim – it must be asserted within the standard limitation period of 3 years according to. The statute of limitations in accordance with §§ 195, 199 BGB, whereby it should be noted that the three-year statute of limitations begins to run at the end of the year in which the claim arose. This is usually the case when the inheritance has occurred and the person entitled to the compulsory portion has become aware of it.

Tenancy law

The §§ 535 ff BGB deal with the renting of apartments as well as all other objects, which one receives for use against a certain fee. Not only the establishment of a rental relationship is regulated but also its termination in addition to the price adjustment, the ancillary costs.

Contract for work

In the §§ 631 ff BGB the legal relations between clients and craftsmen are regulated, in which it around the production of a "work" as z.B. tiling a bathroom, building a closet u.a. goes. Here, too, there are regulations on the establishment and termination of contracts for work and services, on the rights in the event that the work is not carried out in accordance with the contract and in a workmanlike manner, etc.

Service contract

The service contract is governed by § 611 BGB, which, unlike the contract for work and services, does not focus on the work but on the provision of services. Classic service contracts are the employment contract (see employment law) or the treatment contract.

tort

In the BGB, §§ 823 ff BGB also regulate which claims a person who has been injured by a tortious act (z.B. bodily injury, damage to property, copyright infringement u.a.) has against the tortfeasor. This is mainly about claims for damages and compensation for pain and suffering.

unjust enrichment

If someone has enriched himself to the detriment of another without legal grounds, the injured party is entitled to restitution claims, these are governed by §§ 812 BGB.

Other areas

The BGB regulates many other areas of daily life. These include family law, property law (ownership/possession, claims for surrender and/or injunctive relief), mortgage law, corporate law. In addition, there are many other laws that regulate the coexistence between citizens.

I will also be happy to advise you in other areas of law.

Just contact me, then I can clarify at short notice whether I can take over the representation in your special case for you. If this is not possible due to circumstances that may arise in a particular case, I will be happy to assist you in finding a lawyer who specializes in your concerns.

Pyrotechnics. Leuchtspuren. Firecrackers. A part of the fan scene has clearly overstepped the mark – here is a commentary on this.

Photo: Dirk Unschuld

FC president Werner Spinner had leaned out of the window far, very far. "The DFB's maxim is to punish. And if something happens again: higher penalties," Spinner told the "Suddeutsche Zeitung": "That means the spiral goes on and on. That is not a solution to the problem."

A few hours later, the effzeh boss learned that this (albeit justified) statement might not have been too clever in the run-up to the explosive derby with Borussia Monchengladbach. Pyrotechnics were set off, tracers were shot onto the field from the visitors' block, and firecrackers rang out frequently in Borussia Park. To crown the performance, the effzeh fans then started after the final whistle: Several supporters stormed the pitch – what they wanted there, they probably didn't know themselves either.

The effzeh, just anyway because of renewed misconduct of its own supporters at the cup game in Duisburg in delicate negotiations with the DFB about a hefty penalty, officially condemned the acts directly after the game. "These incidents add to the 1. FC Koln and the majority of the great fans of the 1. FC Cologne massive damage," the statement says. "Especially in a phase in which we are in an exchange with the DFB about appropriate punishments and the correct evaluation of fan work, these incidents are a serious setback that disappoints and angers the club."

The club will try to identify the perpetrators and also reserves the right to take action against the relevant groups. "Whoever claims to be a fan of the 1. FC Koln and behaves in such a way has not understood the basic rules of soccer and is undesirable," explains the effzeh clearly. In this clarity, also with the blatant announcement to the Ultra groups, the club has not expressed itself for a long time.

One thing is clear: the strong words must be followed by action after the performance in Monchengladbach. The presidium's strategy of focusing on dialogue and involvement doesn't seem to be working with a certain section of the fan scene. Not only internally, but also externally, the club will (have to) set signs. It will not be enough to rap the knuckles of the groups or to take away their privileges, not even those responsible for the effzeh.

The constantly repeated fairy tale of the lone perpetrator no longer applies, at the latest since Carnival Saturday. At least the pyro use was a concerted action that went completely wrong. Always in the discussion about burning Bengalos was claimed: We have this under control. Nothing should leave the block. We do not set off firecrackers. Licked on the ass – nothing was under control. And this must have consequences.

Who as an active fan scene, dedicated to the weal and woe of the 1. FC Koln, which harms the club in the long run, has no place in the stadium. Those who simply do their own thing at the expense of other fans and torpedo many fan concerns in the process need not be surprised by the reactions. With actions like Saturday's, you're not just shooting yourself in the knee in the face of the looming debate over "salami play days," you're blowing off your entire lower body right now.

As long as this does not go into the heads and concrete-headed rebellion is preferred, there will be only one solution on the part of the association. And the obvious one is.

How to combine two mortgages into one?

Having two mortgages is not as rare as you think. People who accumulate enough equity in their homes can choose to take out a second mortgage. You could use the money to pay off a debt, send a child to university, start a business or make a big purchase.

Let's look at an example: You took out an equity line of credit ten or more years ago and during the draw period – the time when you "draw" your line of credit You could – You paid a manageable amount: $275 per month on a $100,000 line of credit.

Under the terms of this loan, after ten years, the draw period became the repayment period – the next 15 years during which you must pay off the loan like a mortgage. But you probably didn't expect that $275 payment to turn into a $700 payment, which could even increase if prime rates rise.

By consolidating the two loans, you could potentially save more than $100 per month and lock in your interest rate rather than watching it escalate as the Prime rises. On the other hand, you may want to pay off the loans faster and have better conditions to help you do so. How does this type of consolidation work and is it a good idea?

Know what you are starting with

To understand what happens when you consolidate, you need to know a few things about the current loans you have. If, when you go to consolidate loans, you realize that your second mortgage was used to pull money out of your home for some reason – called a cash-out loan – it may add costs to the new loan and reduce the amount for which you qualify. Lending loans are priced higher, lenders say, because the borrower is statistically more likely to walk away from the loan if they run into trouble.

Then there is the rate / term refinance (refi). This type of loan is simply an adjustment to the interest rate and terms of your current loan. The loan is considered safer for the lender because the borrower is not collecting money or reducing the amount of equity in the property. You may have recently refinanced when mortgage rates dropped to historic lows.

Why are these differences important? According to Casey Fleming, mortgage consultant with C2 FINANCIAL CORPORATION and author of "The Loan Guide: How to Get the Best Mortgage Possible", they are important because the terms and the amount you pay on new mortgages can vary widely.

"Let's say you and your neighbor both get 75% loan-to-value refinance loans, under the conforming loan limit of 417.000 $. Yours is a payoff, it is not. Your loan would be 0.Cost 625 points more than your neighbor since April 2015. And 1 point is 1% of the loan amount, so if your loan amount is $ 200, 000, all things would be equal you pay $ 1, 250 ( $ 200, 000 x.00625) more for the same interest rate as your neighbor.

Think of it this way. If you originally acquired the two loans when you bought the home, it is not a cash-out loan because the second mortgage was used to purchase the home – do not pull cash out of it. But later, if you received money as a result of taking out a second mortgage, that was a cash-out loan, and so a new consolidated loan is considered the same thing.

There is another reason why this distinction becomes important. Since cash-out loans are riskier for the lender, they can only borrow 75% to 80% of your equity in your home vs. 90% on a rate/term refi. Fleming puts it so clearly in English: "If your loan is considered a cash-out loan, you need more equity in your property to qualify. "

How to consolidate

The lender will handle all the complicated paperwork that comes with consolidating loans. Your job is to be an informed consumer. Don't talk to one lender – talk to several.

Since consolidating two loans is more complicated than a simple mortgage, it's best to talk in person with up to three or four lenders. You could talk to your bank or credit union, a mortgage broker or recommendations from industry professionals you trust.

Ask them, of course, if the new loan will be a cash-out loan or a rate / term refi. Is it a fixed or variable rate loan? 15 or 30 years? (See Which is better, a fixed or variable rate loan?)

Once you are satisfied with a particular lender, you will be guided through the process. Don't sign anything without reading it first, and make sure you understand the payment schedule.

If your loan is a payoff loan, Casey Fleming says there may be a way to convert it to a rate/term a year later.

"Consolidate the loans as a payout, however, you get a credit credit that takes care of all the costs associated with the transaction. Wait a year and refinance again. Since you are only refinancing a single loan at this point, it is not a lending loan. Now you can spend money on points to lower the interest rate, since you will keep the loan for a longer period of time. "Fleming recommends doing so only if you believe interest rates are stable or may fall.

The bottom line

"Never decide to refinance or consolidate loans just because of the reduction in your monthly payment. In most cases, you will spend more over your life on the new loan than you would simply paying the existing loans", Fleming says. "Millions of consumers are mortgaging their futures and reaching retirement age tens or even hundreds of thousands of dollars less. "

Instead, determine how long you think you will stay in the home and compare the cost of your current mortgage(s) to the new mortgage plus any costs associated with the new loan throughout the time you will hold the loan.If costs were lower, consolidation is probably a good idea.

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